Faculty and research lines
4 de August de 2021 2021-08-04 12:58Faculty and research lines
The professors in the Doctoral Program are concentrated in the following lines of research, to which the student can apply for admission, being able to develop their thesis in multiple areas of the field of Health Sciences.
In addition, the faculty members are part of various research groups, which, in turn, have their respective projects and lines of work.
The Doctoral Studies Regulations of the UDC (REDUDC), in Section I, Article 10, establish that any doctor with accredited research experience may be a doctoral thesis director, establishing the requirements in this regard.
The faculty of the Doctoral Program in Health Sciences is made up of doctoral members of the University of A Coruña or of any of the two collaborating entities that meet the requirements established by the UDC for the supervision of a doctoral thesis. Any doctor outside the program who meets the requirements established by the UDC to supervise a doctoral thesis may co-direct a thesis within the framework of this program, but only in conjunction with another co-director who is a professor in the program.
Research lines:
Line no. | Research line |
---|---|
1 | Endocrinology and Metabolism (special emphasis on obesity and neuroendocrinology). |
2 | Ischemic heart disease |
3 | Clinical and population epidemiology and outcomes research in the cardiovascular domain |
4 | Heart failure and cardiac transplantation |
5 | Biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases |
6 | Familial heart disease and cardiovascular genetics |
7 | Protein expression of cardiac damage in animal models |
8 | Stress ultrasound and coronary artery disease |
9 | Search for diagnostic and therapeutic prognostic biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis |
10 | Spondyloarthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriatic Arthritis |
11 | Tissue damage and repair mechanisms in diseases associated with aging. Effects of an antioxidant diet |
12 | Gerontology and Geriatrics |
13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences |
14 | Epidemiology and Public Health |
15 | Digital medical image post-processing |
16 | ICT and disability. Development of assistive technologies |
17 | Diagnostic medical imaging |
18 | AIDS |
19 | Hepatology: Hepatocarcinoma, Hepatopathy Virus C – Liver disease due to fat deposition. |
20 | Molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance |
21 | Molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression of carcinomas |
22 | Hemostasis disorders |
23 | Repair of cartilage and bone lesions with stem cell implantation |
24 | DNA damage (Toxicogenetics) |
25 | Hydrogen sulfide and mineral-medicinal waters as anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants |
26 | Corneal infections and glaucoma |
27 | Chronic dermatosis and malignant skin tumors |
28 | Oral and maxillofacial surgery |
29 | Carotid lesions as a marker of disease and comorbidity |
30 | Treatment of visual information in the study and clinical diagnosis |
Faculty of the Doctoral Program in Health Sciences:
a) UDC faculty
Name | Line no. | Research line | Research group | Link web Group 1 | Research group 2 | Link web Group 2 | Reserach group 3 | Link web Group 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arufe Gonda, María del Carmen | 23 | Repair of cartilage and bone lesions with stem cell implantation | Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (TCMR). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000412 | ||||
Bellido Guerrero, Diego | 1 | Endocrinology and Metabolism (special emphasis on obesity and neuroendocrinology). | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/I000691 | |||||
Blanco García, Francisco J. | 9 | Search for diagnostic and therapeutic prognostic biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis | Rheumatology and Health Research Group (GIR-S). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000788 | Rheumatology Research Group (GIR). INIBIC | http://girblanco.com | ||
Castro Iglesias, María Ángeles | 18 | AIDS | Clinical Virology. INIBIC/CHUAC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/virologia-clinica/ | ||||
Cordido Carballido, Fernando | 1 | Endocrinology and Metabolism (special emphasis on obesity and neuroendocrinology). | Endocrine, Nutritional and Medical Physiopathology Group. UDC | http://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000276%E2%80%8B | ||||
Coronado Carvajal, Carmen | 20 | Molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance | Laboratory of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences – Cardiovascular Research Group (GRINCAR).UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000222 | ||||
Crespo Leiro, Maria Generosa | 4 | Heart failure and cardiac transplantation | Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/insuficiencia-cardiaca-avanzada-y-trasplante-cardiaco/?portfolioCats=79 | GRINCAR. UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000222 | CIBERCV | https://www.cibercv.es/grupos/grupo-de-investigacion?id=22854 |
de Toro Santos, Javier | 10 | Spondyloarthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriatic Arthritis | Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (TCMR). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000412 | ||||
Díaz Prado, Silvia María | 23 | Repair of cartilage and bone lesions with stem cell implantation | Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (TCMR). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000412 | ||||
Fuentes Boquete, Isaac | 23 | Repair of cartilage and bone lesions with stem cell implantation | Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (TCMR).UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000412 | ||||
González Martín, María Cristina | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | Nursing and Health Care Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/enfermeria/?portfolioCats=83 | Rheumatology and Health Research Group (GIR-S). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000788 | ||
Jácome Pumar, Amalia | 13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences | Modeling, Optimization and Statistical Inference Group (MODES). UDC | http://dm.udc.es/modes/ | ||||
López López, Daniel | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | Health and Podiatry Research Group. UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000784 | ||||
Lorenzo López, Laura | 12 | Gerontology and Geriatrics | Gerontology and Geriatrics Research Group. UDC | http://gerontologia.udc.es/ | Gerontology Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/investigacion-en-gerontologia/ | ||
Maseda Rodríguez, Ana Belén | 12 | Gerontology and Geriatrics | Gerontology and Geriatrics Research Group. UDC | http://gerontologia.udc.es/ | Gerontology Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/investigacion-en-gerontologia/ | ||
Meijide Faílde, Rosa | 25 | Hydrogen sulfide and mineral-medicinal waters as anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants | Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (TCMR). UDC | http://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000412%E2%80%8B | ||||
Millán Calenti, José Carlos | 12 | Gerontology and Geriatrics | Gerontology and Geriatrics Research Group. UDC | http://gerontologia.udc.es/ | Gerontology Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/investigacion-en-gerontologia/ | ||
Montoto Marqués, Antonio | 16 | ICT and disability. Development of assistive technologies | ||||||
Movilla Fernández, María Jesús | 13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences | Laboratory of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences – Cardiovascular Research Group (GRINCAR). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000222 | Cardiovascular epidemiology, primary care and nursing. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/epidemiologia-cardiovascular-atencion-primaria-y-enfermeria/?portfolioCats=79 | ||
Muñiz García, Javier | 3 | Clinical and population epidemiology and outcomes research in the cardiovascular domain | Cardiovascular Research Group (GRINCAR).. UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000222 | Cardiovascular epidemiology, primary care and nursing. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/epidemiologia-cardiovascular-atencion-primaria-y-enfermeria/?portfolioCats=79 | ||
Núñez Fernández, Lucía | 4 | Heart failure and cardiac transplantation | Cardiovascular Research Group (GRINCAR). UDC. | https://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000222 | Ischemic Cardiopathy, Interventional Cardiopathy and Cardiac Imaging and Function. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cardiopatia-isquemica-cardiologia-intervencionista-e-imagen-y-funcion-cardiaca/?portfolioCats=79 | ||
Ortega Hortas, Marcos | 30 | Treatment of visual information in the study and clinical diagnosis | Machine Vision and Pattern Recognition Research Group (VARPA). | http://www.varpa.es/ | ||||
Pazos Sierra, Alejandro | 15 | Digital medical image post-processing | RNASA-IMEDIR. UDC | https://rnasa-imedir.udc.es/ | ||||
Pereira Loureiro, Javier | 16 | ICT and disability. Development of assistive technologies | Technology applied to Occupation, Equality and Health Research (TALIONIS). UDC | https://talionis.citic.udc.es/ | ||||
Pérez Castro, Teresa Rosalía | 3 | Clinical and population epidemiology and outcomes research in the cardiovascular domain | GRINCAR. UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000222 | Cardiovascular epidemiology, primary care and nursing. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/epidemiologia-cardiovascular-atencion-primaria-y-enfermeria/?portfolioCats=79 | ||
Pérez Fontán, Miguel | 1 | Endocrinology and Metabolism (special emphasis on obesity and neuroendocrinology) | Endocrine, Nutritional and Medical Physiopathology Group. UDC | http://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000276%E2%80%8B | ||||
Pértega Díaz, Sonia | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | Nursing and Health Care Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/enfermeria/?portfolioCats=83 | Rheumatology and Health Research Group (GIR-S). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000788 | ||
Pousada García, Thais | 16 | ICT and disability. Development of assistive technologies | Technology applied to Occupation, Equality and Health Research (TALIONIS). UDC | https://talionis.citic.udc.es/ | ||||
Poza Domínguez, Margarita | 20 | Microbiome and Health; Microbiome and cancer; Pharmacomicrobiomics; Microbial Xenomics; Microbial Pathogenesis; Microbial Virulence Factors; Wastewater and COVID-19; Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2. | Microbiome and health. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/investigacion-en-microbiologia/ | Microbiome and health. UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/I000783 | ||
Rey Rico, Ana | 23 | Repair of cartilage lesions with stem cell gene therapy | Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (TCMR). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000412 | ||||
Rodríguez-Villamil Fernández, José Luis | 12 | Gerontology and Geriatrics | Gerontology and Geriatrics Research Group. UDC | http://gerontologia.udc.es/ | Gerontology Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/investigacion-en-gerontologia/ | ||
Sangiao Alvarellos, Susana | 1 | Endocrinology and Metabolism (special emphasis on obesity and neuroendocrinology). | Endocrine, Nutritional and Medical Physiopathology Group. UDC | http://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000276%E2%80%8B | ||||
Santos del Riego, Sergio Eduardo | 16 | ICT and disability. Development of assistive technologies | Integration and Health Promotion Research Unit (INTEGRA SAÚDE). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/E000757 | ||||
Sarandeses García, Adolfo | 28 | Oral and maxillofacial surgery | ||||||
Seoane Pillado, Teresa | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | Nursing and Health Care Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/enfermeria/?portfolioCats=83 | Rheumatology and Health Research Group (GIR-S). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000788 |
b) Faculty of collaborating entities
Name | Line no. | Research line | Research groups | Link web Group 1 | Research group 2 | Link web Group 2 | Research Group 3 | Link web Group 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acea Nebril, Benigno | 21 | Molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression of carcinomas | CellCOM Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cellcom/?portfoliocats=97 | ||||
Antolín Novoa, Silvia | 21 | Molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression of carcinomas | Clinical Oncology Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/oncologia-clinica-y-traslacional/?portfolioCats=89 | ||||
Ávila Álvarez, Alejandro | 13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences | Structural and Congenital Heart Disease Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cardiopatia-estructural-y-congenita/ | Line of research in neonatal pathology | |||
Barge Caballero, Eduardo | 4 | Heart failure and cardiac transplantation | Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/insuficiencia-cardiaca-avanzada-y-trasplante-cardiaco/?portfolioCats=79 | ||||
Barriales Villa, Roberto | 6 | Familial heart disease and cardiovascular genetics | Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cardiopatias-familiares/?portfolioCats=79 | ||||
Beceiro Casas, Alejandro | 20 | Molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance | Clinical Microbiology | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-7815 | ||||
Blanco Aparicio, Marina | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | Asthma and chronic bronchial pathology | |||||
Bou Arévalo, Germán | 20 | Molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance | Research in Microbiology. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/investigacion-en-microbiologia/?portfolioCats=97 | ||||
Bouzas Mosquera, Alberto | 8 | Stress ultrasound and coronary artery disease | Ischemic heart disease, interventional cardiology and cardiac imaging and function INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cardiopatia-isquemica-cardiologia-intervencionista-e-imagen-y-funcion-cardiaca/?portfolioCats=79 | ||||
Caramés Pérez, Beatriz | 9 | Search for diagnostic and therapeutic prognostic biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis | Rheumatology Research Group (GIR). INIBIC | http://girblanco.com | ||||
Castellanos Rodrigo, María del Mar | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Group. INIBiC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/enfermedades-cerebrovasculares-neurologia-clinica-y-traslacional/?portfolioCats=89 | ||||
Concha López, Ángel | 13 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
Cordero Lorenzana, María Lourdes | 13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences | Spanish Coalition to Unlock Research on host GEnetics on COVID-19. Project: Genetic Determinants and Risk Biomarkers in Patients with SARS-COV-2 Coronavirus Infection. | http://www.scourge-covid.org | GETGA Spanish Working Group on Severe Influenza A (Working Group on Infectious Diseases and Sepsis of SEMICYUC) | http://gripea.semicyuc.org/getgat.html | RETRAUCI: Trauma Registry _ Intensive Care Unit. Neurocritical_Trauma Group. SEMICYUC | http://www.retrauci.org/ |
de Rojas Silva, Victoria | 26 | Corneal infections and glaucoma | ||||||
Diz-Lois Palomares, Mª Teresa | 19 | Hepatology: Hepatocarcinoma, Hepatopathy Virus C – Liver disease due to fat deposition. | ||||||
Domenech García, Nieves | 5 | Biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases | Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/insuficiencia-cardiaca-avanzada-y-trasplante-cardiaco/?portfolioCats=79 | ||||
Fernández Burguera, Elena | 9 | Search for diagnostic and therapeutic prognostic biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis | Rheumatology Research Group (GIR). INIBIC | http://girblanco.com/ | ||||
Fernández García, José Luis | 24 | DNA damage (Toxicogenetics) | DNA and chromosome damage- Toxicogenetics. | |||||
Fernández Moreno, Mercedes | 9 | Search for diagnostic and therapeutic prognostic biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis | Rheumatology Research Group (GIR). INIBIC | http://girblanco.com/ | ||||
Figueroa Conde-Valvís, Angélica | 21 | Molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression of carcinomas | Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group. | http://www.epithelial-plasticity-metastasis.com/ | ||||
Fonseca Capdevila, Eduardo | 27 | Chronic dermatosis and malignant skin tumors | CellCOM Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cellcom/?portfolioCats=97 | ||||
Galeiras Vázquez, Rita | 13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences | Areas related to critical patients | |||||
García Novoa, María Alejandra | 21 | Molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression of carcinomas | Breast Cancer Research Group | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-7570 | ||||
García Paz, Vanesa | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
Gómez Tellado, Manuel Adolfo | 13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences | Pediatric Surgical Disease Research Group | |||||
Gómez Veiga, Francisco | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
González Vázquez, Ana Isabel | 13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences | ||||||
Gulías Soidán, Daniel | 17 | Diagnostic medical imaging | ||||||
Hermida Prieto, Manuel | 4 | Heart failure and cardiac transplantation | Ischemic Cardiopathy, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Imaging and Function. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cardiopatia-isquemica-cardiologia-intervencionista-e-imagen-y-funcion-cardiaca/?portfolioCats=79 | ||||
López Armada, Mª José | 11 | Tissue damage and repair mechanisms in diseases associated with aging. Effects of an antioxidant diet | Aging and Inflammation Research Group (ENVEINF). INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/envejecimiento | ||||
López Cedrún, José Luis | 28 | Oral and maxillofacial surgery | Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es | ||||
López Fernández, María Fernanda | 22 | Hemostasis Diseases/Hematologic Oncologic Diseases. | Hematologic Diseases Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/investigacion-en-la-enfermedad-de-von-willebrand/?portfolioCats=89 | ||||
Maestro Saavedra, Francisco Javier | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | Cardiovascular epidemiology, primary care and nursing. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/epidemiologia-cardiovascular-atencion-primaria-y-enfermeria/?portfolioCats=79 | ||||
Marcos Rodríguez, Pedro Jorge | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | Pneumonia, COPD, Lung Transplantation. | |||||
Margusino Framiñán, Luis | 19 | Hepatology: Hepatocarcinoma, Hepatopathy Virus C – Liver disease due to fat deposition. | Clinical Virology Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/virologia-clinica/?portfolioCats=97 | ||||
Mena de Cea, Álvaro | 18 | Infectious Diseases | Clinical Virology Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/virologia-clinica/?portfolioCats=97 | Biobanco de A Coruña | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/biobanco/#presentacion | ||
Montserrat Iglesias, Lorenzo José | 6 | Familial heart disease and cardiovascular genetics | Cardiovascular Research Group (GRINCAR). INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/enfermedades-cardiovasculares-y-metabolicas/?portfolioCats=58 | Familial heart disease and cardiovascular genetics INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cardiopatias-familiares/?portfolioCats=79 | ||
Mosquera Rodríguez, Victor Xesús | 3 | Clinical and population epidemiology and outcomes research in the cardiovascular domain | Cardiovascular Research Group (GRINCAR). UDC. | https://investigacion.udc.es/gl/Research/Details/G000222 | Cardiovascular epidemiology, primary care and nursing. INIBIC. | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/epidemiologia-cardiovascular-atencion-primaria-y-enfermeria/?portfolioCats=79 | ||
Noguera Aguilar, Jose Francisco | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
Noriega Concepción, Víctor | 22 | Hemostasis Diseases/Hematologic Oncologic Diseases. | Hematologic Diseases Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/investigacion-en-la-enfermedad-de-von-willebrand/?portfolioCats=89 | ||||
Oreiro Villar, Natividad | 9 | Search for diagnostic and therapeutic prognostic biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis | Rheumatology and Health Research Group (GIR-S). UDC | https://investigacion.udc.es/es/Research/Details/G000788 | Rheumatology Research Group (GIR). INIBIC | http://girblanco.com | ||
Pacheco Compaña, Francisco Javier | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
Pernas Souto, Berta | 18 | Infectious Diseases | Clinical Virology Research Group. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/virologia-clinica/?portfolioCats=97 | ||||
Peteiro Vázquez, Jesús | 17 | Diagnostic medical imaging | Ischemic Cardiopathy, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Imaging and Function. INIBIC | http://www.inibic.es/portfolio-items/cardiopatia-isquemica-cardiologia-intervencionista-e-imagen-y-funcion-cardiaca/?portfolioCats=79 | ||||
Rego Pérez, Ignacio | 9 | Search for diagnostic and therapeutic prognostic biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis | Rheumatology Research Group (GIR). INIBIC | http://girblanco.com | ||||
Rendal Vázquez, Esther | 5 | Biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases | Cryobiology Unit | |||||
Rodríguez Ruíz, María | 13 | Research in Social and Health Sciences | ||||||
Ruiz Romero, Cristina | 9 | Search for diagnostic and therapeutic prognostic biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis | Rheumatology Research Group (GIR). INIBIC | http://girblanco.com | ||||
Soler Fernández, Rafaela | 17 | Diagnostic medical imaging | ||||||
Sousa Regueiro, María Dolores | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
Tomás Carmona, María del Mar | 20 | Molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance | Translational Microbiology | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-0387 | ||||
Valiño Calviño, Nuria | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
Vázquez Barro, Juan Carlos | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
Vázquez Rodríguez, José Manuel | 2 | Ischemic heart disease | Ischemic Cardiopathy, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Imaging and Function. | |||||
Vila Sexto, Leticia | 14 | Epidemiology and Public Health | ||||||
Vilariño Rico, Jorge | 29 | Carotid lesions as a marker of disease and comorbidity |